Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers which regulate myriads of functions in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Their intracellular effects are often mediated via discrete subcellular signaling microdomains. In this review, we will discuss state-of-the-art techniques to measure cAMP and cGMP in biological samples with a particular focus on live cell imaging approaches, which allow their detection with high temporal and spatial resolution in living cells and tissues. Finally, we will describe how these techniques can be applied to the analysis of second messenger dynamics in subcellular signaling microdomains.
🔬 Techniques
🧬 Organisms
✨ Fluorophores
🧪 Sample Preparation
💾 Data Repositories
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Figure 1
Common principles of biosensors designed to measure cAMP and cGMP. ( a ) Cyclic nucleotides can be monitored by directly measuring cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNGC) currents or calcium influx thr...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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