Abstract
A multiphoton endoscopy system has been developed using a two-axis microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror and double-cladding photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF). The MEMS mirror has a 2-mm-diam, 20-deg optical scanning angle, and 1.26-kHz and 780-Hz resonance frequencies on the x and y axes. The maximum number of resolvable focal spots of the MEMS scanner is 720 x 720 on the x and y axes, which indicates that the MEMS scanner can potentially support high-resolution multiphoton imaging. The DCPCF is compared with standard single-mode fiber and hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber on the basis of dispersion, attenuation, and coupling efficiency properties. The DCPCF has high collection efficiency, and its dispersion can be compensated by grating pairs. Three configurations of probe design are investigated, and their imaging quality and field of view are compared. A two-lens configuration with a collimation and a focusing lens provides the optimum imaging performance and packaging flexibility. The endoscope is applied to image fluorescent microspheres and bovine knee joint cartilage.
🔬 Techniques
🧪 Sample Preparation
🔬 Cell Lines
🏭 Microscope Brands
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Fig. 1
(a) SEM image showing a MEMS actuator with a 600- u03bc m-diam mirror. (b) Photo of a 2-mm-diam MEMS mirror on a 3.3 mmu00d72.6 mm die.
Fig. 2
(a) The frequency response of the x and y axes of the MEMS mirror. (b) The mechanical deflection angle versus the driving voltage.
Fig. 3
The pulse width and spectra of the laser beam measured before and after propagating through optical fibers. (a) and (b) Directly from the laser. (c) and (d) After propagating through 1.3-m SMF. (e) an...
Fig. 4
Pulse broadening in a DCPCF and the compression of the pulse width with dispersion precompensation. (a) Pulse from the laser; (b) pulse broadened after propagating in fiber; and (c) pulse compressed b...
Fig. 5
Three optical designs of the MPM probe and the corresponding images acquired with the designs. Design I: A GRIN lens is located before the MEMS mirror. Design II: A GRIN lens is located after the MEMS...
Fig. 6
The variation of NA eff with respect to the space between the GRIN lens and its focal spot.
Fig. 7
Schematic of the endoscopic MPM system using a two-axis MEMS scanner. (a) Cross section of the DCPCF. (b) MEMS mirror assembled with the DCPCF and GRIN lens. (c) Packaged MPM probe.
Fig. 8
MPM images of fluorescent microspheres and bovine knee joint cartilage obtained with the endoscopic MPM system. (a) 6- u03bc m beads; (b) bone structure; (c) and (d) chondrocytes; (e) white light micr...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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