Abstract
Sleep is characterized by coordinated cortical and cardiac oscillations reflecting communication between the central (CNS) and autonomic (ANS) nervous systems. Here, we review fluctuations in ANS activity in association with CNS-defined sleep stages and cycles, and with phasic cortical events during sleep (e.g., arousals, K-complexes). Recent novel analytic methods reveal a dynamic organization of integrated physiological networks during sleep and indicate how multiple factors (e.g., sleep structure, age, sleep disorders) affect "CNS-ANS coupling". However, these data are mostly correlational and there is a lack of clarity of the underlying physiology, making it challenging to interpret causality and direction of coupling. Experimental manipulations (e.g., evoking K-complexes or arousals) provide information on the precise temporal sequence of cortical-cardiac activity, and are useful for investigating physiological pathways underlying CNS-ANS coupling. With the emergence of new analytical approaches and a renewed interest in ANS and CNS communication during sleep, future work may reveal novel insights into sleep and cardiovascular interactions during health and disease, in which coupling could be adversely impacted.
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Figure 1
Co-registration of standard PSG, and ANS and cardiovascular signals in N2 sleep (30 s) from a sample participant at the SRI Human Sleep Research Lab. Signals include: electroencephalogram ( EEG ), ele...
Figure 2
Schematic diagram illustrating the general physiological mechanisms that may underlie the observed dynamic coupling between indexes of central nervous system (CNS) function based on the electroencepha...
Figure 3
In the top panel ( A ), sleep stages from a PSG night of a randomly selected participant from the SRI Human Sleep Research Program are plotted as a function of time of the night. Heart rate (HR) ( B )...
Figure 4
Biphasic (initial tachycardia followed by bradycardia) cardiac response, displayed across subsequent inter-beat-intervals ( IBIs ), to evoked electroencephalographic ( EEG ) K-complexes in a sample of...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
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