Abstract
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose diseases and understand cellular processes. Molecular systems, particularly lanthanide(III) complexes, have emerged as an attractive system for application in cellular luminescence imaging due to their long emission lifetimes, high brightness, possibility of controlling the spectroscopic properties at the molecular level, and tailoring of the ligand structure that adds sensing and therapeutic capabilities. This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging and lanthanide spectroscopy and discuss selected examples from the recent literature on lanthanide(III) luminescent complexes in cellular luminescence imaging, published in the period 2016-2020. Finally, the challenges and future directions that are pointing for the development of compounds that are capable of executing multiple functions and the use of light in regions where tissues and cells have low absorption will be discussed.
🔬 Techniques
🧬 Organisms
🧪 Sample Preparation
🔬 Cell Lines
📷 Detectors
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Figure 1
Energy level diagram illustrating the antenna effect. A is absorption, ISC intersystem crossing, EnT energy transfer, BEnT back-energy transfer, L luminescence, NR non-radiative pathways, S designates...
Figure 2
( a ) WF and ( b ) CF microscope setup. ( c ) Exclusion of out-of-focus light by the pinhole in a CF setup. L indicates lens, DM dichroic mirror, F filter, the purple and red lines indicate excitation...
Figure 3
Comparison between luminescence images obtained using a WF ( A ) and a CF ( B ) microscope setups. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [ 55 ].
Figure 4
( a ) Radial probability distribution of 4f, 5s and 5p electrons for Pr III Reproduced with permission from Elsevier [ 58 ]); ( b ) Magnitude of the inter-electronic repulsion, spin-orbit coupling and...
Figure 5
Main electronic transitions of the Gd III , Tb III , Dy III , Sm III , Eu III , Nd III , and Yb III ions.
Figure 6
Energy level scheme showing the electronic levels 5 D 0 and 7 F 2 in the free ion (black), and the symmetry point group O (red), and transition probability for the 5 D 0 u2192 7 F 2 electronic transit...
Figure 7
Energy diagram showing the electronic levels of Tb III (green), Eu III (red), and Yb III (light pink), and the phonons for the water molecule O-H vibrations (blue).
Figure 8
Structure of several Ln III complexes along with their stability constants ( u03b2 ) [ 31 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ].
Figure 9
Structures of the ligands mentioned throughout this review.
Figure 10
Time-gated luminescence imaging of HeLa cells incubated with the NP-L NP hybrid system for 24 h. Concentration = 1.2 (left column), 0.12 (middle column), and 0.012 nM (right column). The first, second...
Figure 11
( a ) Single crystal X-ray structure of the [Gd(dipicNH 2 ) 3 ] 3u2212 complex and ( b ) Bright field, luminescence, and overlay imaging of the NG97 cells after 12 h of incubation with [Eu(dipicNH 2 )...
Figure 12
Plot u201cattenuation coefficient as a function of the wavelengthu201d for human skin tissues. Reproduced from [ 34 ] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 13
( a ) Plot Yb III emission lifetime (black trace) and Yb III emission intensity (red trace) as a function of the pH in the range 1u201311. ( b ) NIR luminescence imaging and ( c ) emission lifetime im...
Figure 14
Energy level diagram illustrating the antenna effect for Ln III . 2PA and 1PA are the two- and one-photon absorption, F fluorescence, P phosphorescence, ISC intersystem crossing, ET energy transfer, B...
Figure 15
2P-luminescence imaging of T 24 cells using the [Sm(tacnMeO)]. ( A ) Visible luminescence channel. ( B ) NIR luminescence channel. ( C ) Comparison between the SmIII (visible and NIR) and YbIII (NIR) ...
Figure 16
( a ) 2P-luminescence imaging of HeLa cells at different times after irradiation at 488 nm ([complex] = 50 u03bcM and u03bb exc = 700 nm). ( b ) Plot tumor volume as a function of the time in the abse...
Figure 17
Energy level diagram illustrating the upconversion process.
Figure 18
( a ) X-ray single structure of the [CrEuCr(L H 1 )] 2 (CF 3 SO 3 ) 18 u2022(C 3 H 5 N) 30 . ( b ) Energy diagram showing the energy transfer processes in the [CrErCr(L H 1 )] 9+ system. Excitation so...
Figure 19
( a ) UC emission of the [(Yb(tacnPO 3 )) 2 Tb] complex. The inset shows the UC emission intensity as a function of the ratio [Tb]/[Yb(tacnPO 3 )]. [Yb III ] = 1.25 mM, in D 2 O (pD ~7.1). u03bb exc =...
Figure 20
( A ) Time-gated luminescence imaging of ( A ) HepG2 cells loaded with vitamin C, at different loading times, followed by incubation for 1 h with [Eu(tob)] -u2212 complex. [complex] = 20 u03bcM, and [...
Figure 21
Luminescence imaging of HepG2 cells ( A ) incubated with [Eu(pfdap) 3 (tpy)] complex for 1 h, ( B ) incubated with ALA for 0.5 h followed by the [Eu(pfdap) 3 (tpy)] complex for 1 h, and ( C ) incubate...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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