Abstract
Deeper understanding of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) should help in the design of new antibacterial agents. Over several decades, a variety of biochemical assays have been applied to bulk bacterial cultures. While some of these bulk assays provide time resolution of the order of 1min, they do not capture faster mechanistic events. Nor can they provide subcellular spatial information or discern cell-to-cell heterogeneity within the bacterial population. Single-cell, time-resolved imaging assays bring a completely new spatiotemporal dimension to AMP mechanistic studies. We review recent work that provides new insights into the timing, sequence, and spatial distribution of AMP-induced effects on bacterial cells.
🔬 Techniques
🧬 Organisms
✨ Fluorophores
🧪 Sample Preparation
🔬 Cell Lines
💻 Software Details
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Figure I
Three-channel Imaging Scheme and Image of Periplasmic GFP.
Figure I
Schematic Examples of Heterogeneity among Cells.
Figure I
Time-resolved Reporters of Oxidative Stress. Top: CellROX* fluorescence intensity vs time after addition of CM15. Aerobic and anaerobic conditions as shown. Dipy is 2,2u2032-dipyridyl, a permeable sca...
Figure 1
Pattern of Binding of hBD2 to E. faecalis Cells. Adapted from [ 19 ] with permission.
Figure 2
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Image Shows Blebbing of E. coli Induced by HD5 ox . Adapted from [ 22 ] with permission.
Figure 3
Membrane Binding Pattern of c- W(NBD)W on E. coli (A) and on B. subtilis (B). Adapted from [ 24 ] with permission.
Figure 4
Membrane Binding pattern of Rh-Halu03b1 on B. subtilis . Arrows denote new (green) and old (white) cell division sites. Adapted from [ 25 ] with permission.
Figure 5 (Key Figure)
[0][0] Heterogeneity of E. coli Response to LL-37. Snapshot in time of the attack of Rhodamine-labeled LL-37 (Rh-LL-37; right panel) on live E. coli expressing GFP that is exported to the periplasm (l...
Figure 6
Attack of Rh-LL-37 on a Septating E. coli Cell. Montage at left shows time sequences of red (A; Rh-LL-37), green (B; first periplasmic GFP, then Sytox Green), and phase contrast images (C). (D) Axial ...
Figure 7
Attack of Cecropin A on a Septating E. coli Cell. Initial phase contrast image plus montage of green fluorescence images. Periplasmic GFP leaves the cell, then Sytox Green crosses both membranes and s...
Figure 8
GFP Images Before and After Addition of CM15. CM15 induces periplasmic GFP to move inward and fill the cytoplasm. Adapted from [ 26 ] with permission.
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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