Abstract
AbstractThe potential of stem cell (SC) therapies for eye diseases is well‐recognized. However, the results remain only encouraging as little is known about the mechanisms responsible for eye renewal, regeneration and/or repair. Therefore, it is critical to gain knowledge about the specific tissue environment (niches) where the stem/progenitor cells reside in eye. A new type of interstitial cell–telocyte (TC) (www.telocytes.com) was recently identified by electron microscopy (EM). TCs have very long (tens of micrometres) and thin (below 200 nm) prolongations named telopodes (Tp) that form heterocellular networks in which SCs are embedded. We found TCs by EM and electron tomography in sclera, limbus and uvea of the mouse eye. Furthermore, EM showed that SCs were present in the anterior layer of the iris and limbus. Adhaerens and gap junctions were found to connect TCs within a network in uvea and sclera. Nanocontacts (electron‐dense structures) were observed between TCs and other cells: SCs, melanocytes, nerve endings and macrophages. These intercellular ‘feet’ bridged the intercellular clefts (about 10 nm wide). Moreover, exosomes (extracellular vesicles with a diameter up to 100 nm) were delivered by TCs to other cells of the iris stroma. The ultrastructural nanocontacts of TCs with SCs and the TCs paracrine influence via exosomes in the epithelial and stromal SC niches suggest an important participation of TCs in eye regeneration.
🔬 Techniques
🔭 Microscopes
💻 Software
🧪 Sample Preparation
🔬 Cell Lines
🏭 Microscope Brands
📷 Detectors
💻 Software Details
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📋 Methods
Eyes from four C57BL/6 mice (12 months old) were used for the ultrastructural study after the Institutional Ethical Committee approval. Small samples of about 1 mm 3 were fixed by immersion in 4% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. Samples were post-fixed in 1% OsO 4 with 1.5% K 4 Fe(CN) 6 (potassium ferrocyanide reduced osmium) in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Samples were further dehydrated in increased graded of ethanol followed by propylene oxide and embedded in Epon [ 31 ]. Semi-thin sections (1 μm thick) were stained with 1% toluidine blue and examined by light microscopy (Nikon Eclipse E600, Tokyo, Japan).
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) was performed on 60 nm thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate using a Morgagni 268 electron microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at 80 kV. Digital electron micrographs were acquired with a MegaView III CCD and iTEM-SIS software (Olympus, Soft Imaging System GmbH, Münster, Germany). All measurements were performed with iTEM-SIS software, using 50 randomly selected structures/images.
Electron microscope tomography
Electron microscope tomography
(ET) was performed on 250-nm thick sections of Epon-embedded tissue [ 32 ] using a Tecnai G2 Spirit BioTwin transmission electron microscope with a single-tilt specimen holder (FEI Company) at 100 kV. Electron tomographic data sets were recorded with a MegaView G2 CCD camera (Olympus) in ET mode. Projection images (1024 × 1024 pixels) were acquired at 1-degree angular increments from −65 to +65 degrees around an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of the microscope, at 36,000× magnification (pixel size 2.65 nm). After data alignment, the data sets were reconstructed into 3D volume (data collection, reconstruction and visualization) using Xplore3D Tomography Suite software (FEI Company). Amira 5.0.1 software (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany) was used for 3D imaging.
📊 Figures
Fig. 1
Light microscopy on semi-thin blue section of resin-embedded mouse eye. Stars indicated areas where telocytes are located: lamina propria of conjunctiva, limbal area, sclera, pars plana of the ciliary...
Fig. 2
Transmission electron microscopy images show telocytes (TC) with telopodes (Tp) beneath the basement membrane of the conjunctival epithelium ( A ), sclera ( B ) and choroid ( C ). ( A ) Telocyte with ...
Fig. 3
Transmission electron microscopy images of the mouse iris. ( A ) Telocytes (TC) (blue arrows) and putative stem cells (red arrows) are located between melanocytes in the anterior layer (AL). They are ...
Fig. 4
( A ) Transmission electron microscopy image shows direct membrane-to-membrane contact (rectangular mark) between a telocyte (TC) and a putative stem cell (SC). M: melanocytes; n: nerves; AFL: anterio...
Fig. 5
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the telopodes (Tp). ( A ) The Tp present small dilatation named podoms. The podoms accommodates mitochondria (m) and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae (er...
Fig. 6
( A , B ) Transmission electron microscopy images of the hetero-cellular connections formed by telocytes in the anterior layer of the iris. ( A ) Direct contact (arrowhead) can be seen between an axon...
Fig. 7
Electron tomography images on 200 nm thick section of resin-embedded iris. ( A ) General view shows a telocyte (TC) with three telopodes (Tp1u2013Tp3) in the anterior layer of iris. M: melanocyte; mc:...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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