Abstract
Membrane voltages are ubiquitous throughout cell biology. Voltage is most commonly associated with excitable cells such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, although many other cell types and organelles also support electrical signaling. Voltage imaging in vivo would offer unique capabilities in reporting the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of electrical signaling at the cellular and circuit levels. Voltage is not directly visible, and so a longstanding challenge has been to develop genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator proteins. Recent advances have led to a profusion of new voltage indicators, based on different scaffolds and with different tradeoffs between voltage sensitivity, speed, brightness, and spectrum. In this review, we describe recent advances in design and applications of genetically-encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). We also highlight the protein engineering strategies employed to improve the dynamic range and kinetics of GEVIs and opportunities for future advances.
🔬 Techniques
🧬 Organisms
✨ Fluorophores
🧪 Sample Preparation
🔬 Cell Lines
📷 Detectors
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Figure 1
The family of GEVIs
A) and B) Approximate lineages of the major classes of GEVIs. The GEVIs highlighted in bold have shown the greatest sensitivity for use in vivo and are colored with their approximate excitation wavele...
Figure 2
Applications of GEVI imaging
A) All-optical electrophysiology (u2018Optopatchu2019) in neurons co-expressing a blue-shifted channelrhodopsin, CheRiff, and a red-shifted NIR GEVI, QuasAr2. Left: Optical stimuli evoke electrical sp...
Figure 3
GEVI screening pipeline
A) A hierarchical approach screens large libraries for the most easily measured parameters (brightness), and then characterizes hits for voltage sensitivity and speed. Trafficking must ultimately be t...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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