Abstract
Arp2/3 complex is an actin filament nucleation and branching machinery conserved in all eukaryotes from yeast to human. Arp2/3 complex branched networks generate pushing forces that drive cellular processes ranging from membrane remodeling to cell and organelle motility. Several molecules regulate these processes by directly inhibiting or activating Arp2/3 complex and by stabilizing or disassembling branched networks. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of Arp2/3 complex regulation, including high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures that illuminate the mechanisms of Arp2/3 complex activation and branch formation, and novel cellular pathways of branch formation, stabilization, and debranching. We also identify major gaps in our understanding of Arp2/3 complex inhibition and branch stabilization and disassembly.
🔬 Techniques
🧬 Organisms
✨ Fluorophores
🧪 Sample Preparation
🔬 Cell Lines
🏭 Microscope Brands
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Figure 1.
Activators, inhibitors, and other regulators of Arp2/3 complex.
( a u2013 c ) Domain diagrams of human NPFs ( a ), branch stabilizers and destabilizers and mother filament mimics ( b ), and Arp2/3 complex inhibitors ( c ). WASP-homology 2 (WH2), central (C) and ac...
Figure 2.
Cryo-EM structures of Arp2/3 complex with bound NPFs, at the pointed end and in the branch.
( a ) Cryo-EM structure of human Arp2/3 complex with bound NPF N-WASP. The coloring scheme is given at the bottom of the figure, and the PDB accession codes are listed for each structure. The CA regio...
Figure 3.
Model of nucleation, stabilization, destabilization, and inhibition of branched actin networks.
Proteins are colored and labeled according to figure 1 . Boxed insets show cartoon diagrams of the proteins and domains. ( a ) Nucleation is a multi-step process. NPFs clustered at the membrane, with ...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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