Abstract
Cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) continues its remarkable growth as a method for visualizing biological objects, which has been driven by advances across the entire pipeline. Developments in both single-particle analysis and in situ tomography have enabled more structures to be imaged and determined to better resolutions, at faster speeds, and with more scientists having improved access. This review highlights recent advances at each stageof the cryo-EM pipeline and provides examples of how these techniques have been used to investigate real-world problems, including antibody development against the SARS-CoV-2 spike during the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
🔬 Techniques
💻 Software
✨ Fluorophores
🧪 Sample Preparation
🏭 Microscope Brands
🧪 Reagent Suppliers
💻 Software Details
💾 Data Repositories
🏛️ Research Organizations (ROR)
Affiliated research institutions:
📊 Figures
Figure 1
Electron microscopy (EM) entries in data archives have been growing rapidly. In orange are released EM map entries in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank, in blue are released EM model coordinates in th...
Figure 2
Advances in membrane protein preparation for cryou2013electron microscopy (cryo-EM) include the use of various membrane mimetics, such as nanodiscs ( green ), to prepare membrane proteins, for example...
Figure 3
The development of all-gold HexAuFoil grids with small (<0.3 u03bcm) holes dramatically reduced beam-induced motion during imaging. The gold foil and gold mesh reduce foil movement, while the small...
Figure 4
Advances in cryou2013electron microscopy instrumentation and processing recently produced an atomic-resolution map of apoferritin ( 3 ), shown here in blue, volume-rendered using PyMOL. The hydrogen d...
Figure 5
Data collection algorithms now allow for collection of up to approximately 40 exposures ( white boxes ) per stage movement by using large beam-image shifts. This reduces the number of slow stage movem...
Figure 6
CryoDRGN ( 114 ) proposes a deep learning framework for heterogeneous reconstruction that directly learns a continuous representation of 3D density maps without supervision from additional data sets o...
Figure 7
Illustration of structures of antibodies ( cyan , magenta , and green ) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike ( red ) with interfaces highlighted. Advances across the entire cryo-EM pipeline were critical in...
Figure 8
Schematic depicting lamellae cryou2013focused ion beam (cryo-FIB)-milled using the waffle method. By high-pressure freezing then FIB-milling bulk sample on a grid, more and larger lamellae can be made...
Figure images are served from the NIH/NLM PubMed Central Open Access Subset or Europe PMC; copyright remains with the publishers and authors.
💬 Discussion
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